A CCD (Charge Coupled Device) is a type of sensor.
CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) is another type.
Each is a chip containing a grid-like field of extremely small, light-sensitive cells (photodiodes) which emit an electrical signal—converting light into electrons in proportion to the intensity of the light striking it.
These are the two most common types found in today's digital cameras. CCDs, considered the "standard" for most consumer digital cameras, have occupied the position of greater popularity.
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